4140 alloy tubing is a type of steel tubing made from a low-alloy steel that contains chromium, molybdenum, and manganese. It is also referred to as chrome-moly tubing or chromoly tubing.
4140 Chrome Moly Steel is known for its high strength and toughness, making it a popular choice in applications that require high-stress resistance. It is commonly used in the manufacture of drill collars, tool joints, and other components in the oil and gas industry. 4140 tubing is also used in the manufacture of structural components and machinery parts, as well as in the production of high-strength fasteners. It can be easily welded, machined, and formed into various shapes, making it a versatile material for a wide range of applications.
In addition to its strength and toughness, 4140 alloy tubing also offers good wear resistance, making it suitable for use in abrasive environments.
It also has excellent fatigue resistance, making it ideal for use in high-stress applications. Overall, 4140 Chrome Moly Steel tubing is a high-quality, durable material that is widely used in a variety of applications that require high strength and toughness.
This grade of alloy also has the ability to be hardened and a high tensile strength, which is 655 Mpa. Most of the time, heat treatment is used to improve the mechanical properties of steel alloys. This alloy can be annealed in ways that are common. But because the alloy is tougher than most carbon steel alloys, it takes a lot more force to shape the UNS G41400 q&t Tube. Annealing is used on grade 4140 to get rid of any remaining cracks and make the material more flexible. Most of the time, an AISI 4140 Alloy Steel Seamless Tube Supplier will give you these parts after they have been quenched and tempered. Tempering makes the alloy harder and gives it more tensile strength. Quenching makes it harder. Because the alloy is both tough and hard, AISI 4140 qt Alloy steel Square Tubing tends to be more resistant to wear. So, it would be very hard for something outside the pipes to damage the surface. The alloy is also strong when it is turned. Materials often wear out over time, but the SAE 4140 qt Steel Round Tube has a high resistance to wear and tear.
| Dimensions | ASTM, ASME and API |
| Supplier of 4140 Alloy Steel Tube in Length |
Within 13500 millimeter |
| Speciality in | Large Diameter Size |
| Size | 4 to 219 millimeter W. T.: 0.5 to 20 millimeter |
| Length | In Single and Double Random & Cut to Length Suppliers |
| AISI 4140 Tube Type | Welded / Seamless / Fabricated / ERW |
| Form | Round, Square, Rectangular, Hydraulic. |
| End | Plain End, Threaded, Beveled End |
| Standard | Grade | C | Mn | P | S | Si | Ni | Cr | Mo |
| ASTM A29 | 4140 | 0.38-0.43 | 0.75-1.00 | 0.035 | 0.040 | 0.15-0.35 | – | 0.8-1.10 | 0.15-0.25 |
| EN 10250 | 42CrMo4/ 1.7224 |
0.38-0.45 | 0.6-0.9 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.4 | – | 0.9-1.2 | 0.15-0.30 |
| JIS G4105 | SCM440 | 0.38-0.43 | 0.60-0.85 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15-0.35 | – | 0.9-1.2 | 0.15-0.30 |
| Properties | Metric | Imperial |
| Hardness, Vickers (converted from Brinell hardness) | 207 | 207 |
| Tensile strength | 655 MPa | 95000 psi |
| Bulk modulus (typical for steel) | 140 GPa | 20300 ksi |
| Yield strength | 415 MPa | 60200 psi |
| Hardness, Rockwell C (converted from Brinell hardness. Value below normal HRC range, for comparison purposes only) |
13 | 13 |
| Elastic modulus | 190-210 GPa | 27557-30458 ksi |
| Poisson’s ratio | 0.27-0.30 | 0.27-0.30 |
| Elongation at break (in 50 mm) | 25.70% | 25.70% |
| Shear modulus (typical for steel) | 80 GPa | 11600 ksi |
| Hardness, Brinell | 197 | 197 |
| Machinability (based on AISI 1212 as 100 machinability) | 65 | 65 |
| Hardness, Rockwell B (converted from Brinell hardness) | 92 | 92 |
| Hardness, Knoop (converted from Brinell hardness) | 219 | 219 |
| Standard/ Grade | UNS | Temper | Specification |
| AISI 4140 Alloy Steel | UNS G41400 | A, N, T | AMS6381 |
| Annealing | 800 oC – 850 oC |
| Normalizing | 870 oC – 900 oC |
| Tempering | 550 oC – 700 oC |
| Size NPS | Tube O.D. | Wall Thickness | Tube I.D. | Weight per Foot | Standard to XXHY | Schedule Tube # |
Section Modulus | Gallon Capacity Per Linear Foot |
| 1/2 | 0.84 | 0.109 | 0.622 | 0.85 | STD | 40 | .0407 | .0158 |
| 0.147 | 0.546 | 1.09 | XHY | 80 | .0478 | .0122 | ||
| 0.188 | 0.464 | 1.31 | 160 | .0528 | .0088 | |||
| 0.294 | 0.252 | 1.72 | XXHY | .0577 | .0026 | |||
| 3/4 | 1.05 | 0.113 | 0.824 | 1.13 | STD | 40 | .0705 | .0277 |
| 0.154 | 0.742 | 1.48 | XHY | 80 | .0853 | .0225 | ||
| 0.219 | 0.612 | 1.95 | 160 | .1006 | .0153 | |||
| 0.308 | 0.434 | 2.44 | XXHY | .1103 | .0077 | |||
| 1 | 1.315 | 0.133 | 1.049 | 1.68 | STD | 40 | .1328 | .0449 |
| 0.179 | 0.957 | 2.17 | XHY | 80 | .1606 | .0374 | ||
| 0.250 | 0.815 | 2.85 | 160 | .1904 | .0271 | |||
| 0.358 | 0.599 | 3.66 | XXHY | .2136 | .0146 | |||
| 1 1/4 | 1.66 | 0.140 | 1.380 | 2.27 | STD | 40 | .2346 | .0777 |
| 0.191 | 1.278 | 3.00 | XHY | 80 | .2913 | .0666 | ||
| 0.250 | 1.160 | 3.77 | 160 | .3421 | .0549 | |||
| 0.382 | 0.896 | 5.22 | .4110 | .0328 | ||||
| 1 1/2 | 1.90 | 0.145 | 1.610 | 2.72 | STD | 40 | .3262 | .1058 |
| 0.200 | 1.500 | 3.63 | XHY | 80 | .4118 | .0918 | ||
| 0.281 | 1.338 | 4.86 | 160 | .5079 | .0730 | |||
| 0.400 | 1.100 | 6.41 | .5977 | .0494 | ||||
| 2 | 2.375 | 0.109 | 2.157 | 2.64 | 10 | .4205 | .1898 | |
| 0.154 | 2.067 | 3.66 | STD | 40 | .5606 | .1743 | ||
| 0.218 | 1.939 | 5.03 | XHY | 80 | .7309 | .1534 | ||
| 0.250 | 1.875 | 5.68 | .8045 | .1434 | ||||
| 0.281 | 1.813 | 6.29 | .8666 | .1344 | ||||
| 0.344 | 1.687 | 7.47 | 160 | .9806 | .1161 | |||
| 0.436 | 1.503 | 9.04 | XXHY | 1.1043 | .0922 | |||
| 2 1/2 | 2.875 | 0.120 | 2.635 | 3.53 | 10 | .6870 | .2833 | |
| 0.203 | 2.469 | 5.80 | STD. | 40 | 1.0640 | .2487 | ||
| 0.216 | 2.443 | 6.14 | 1.1169 | .2435 | ||||
| 0.250 | 2.375 | 7.02 | 1.2468 | .2301 | ||||
| 0.276 | 2.323 | 7.67 | XHY | 80 | 1.3386 | .2202 | ||
| 0.375 | 2.125 | 10.02 | 160 | 1.6371 | .1842 | |||
| 0.552 | 1.771 | 13.71 | XXXHY | 1.9971 | .1280 | |||
| 3 | 3.50 | 0.120 | 3.260 | 4.34 | 1.0411 | .4336 | ||
| 0.156 | 3.188 | 5.58 | 1.3122 | .4147 | ||||
| 0.172 | 3.156 | 6.12 | 1.4265 | .4064 | ||||
| 0.188 | 3.124 | 6.66 | 1.5342 | .3984 | ||||
| 0.216 | 3.068 | 7.58 | STD. | 40 | 1.7241 | .3840 | ||
| 0.250 | 3.000 | 8.69 | 1.9372 | .3672 | ||||
| 0.281 | 2.938 | 9.67 | 2.1207 | .3521 | ||||
| 0.300 | 2.900 | 10.26 | XHY | 80 | 2.2253 | .3431 | ||
| 0.438 | 2.624 | 14.34 | 160 | 2.8774 | .2811 | |||
| 0.600 | 2.300 | 18.6 | XXHY | 3.4243 | .2158 | |||
| 3 1/2 | 4.0 | 0.120 | 3.760 | 4.98 | 10 | 1.3776 | .5768 | |
| 0.226 | 3.548 | 9.12 | STD. | 140 | 2.3939 | .5136 | ||
| 0.250 | 3.500 | 10.02 | 2.6001 | .4998 | ||||
| 0.281 | 3.438 | 11.17 | 2.8562 | .4821 | ||||
| 0.318 | 3.364 | 12.52 | XHY | 80 | 3.1400 | .4617 | ||
| 0.636 | 2..728 | 22.87 | XXHY | 4.8795 | .3085 | |||
| 4 | 4.5 | 0.120 | 4.260 | 5.62 | 10 | 1.7612 | .7404 | |
| 0.156 | 4.188 | 7.24 | 2.2354 | .7156 | ||||
| 0.188 | 4.124 | 8.67 | 2.6296 | .6942 | ||||
| 0.203 | 4.094 | 9.32 | 2.8173 | .6838 | ||||
| 0.219 | 4.062 | 10.02 | 3.0184 | .6725 | ||||
| 0.237 | 4.026 | 10.80 | STD. | 40 | 3.2145 | .6613 | ||
| 0.250 | 4.000 | 11.36 | 3.3611 | .6528 | ||||
| 0.281 | 3.938 | 12.67 | 60 | 3.7021 | .6326 | |||
| 0.312 | 3.876 | 13.97 | 4.0273 | .6126 | ||||
| 0.337 | 3.826 | 15.00 | XHY | 80 | 4.2713 | .5972 | ||
| 0.438 | 3.624 | 19.02 | 120 | 5.1790 | .5361 | |||
| 0.531 | 3.438 | 22.53 | 160 | 5.8997 | .4822 | |||
| 0.674 | 3.152 | 27.57 | XXHY | 6.7927 | .4054 | |||
| 5 | 5.563 | 0.188 | 5.187 | 10.80 | 4.1161 | 1.0979 | ||
| 0.219 | 5.125 | 12.51 | 4.7279 | 1.0716 | ||||
| 0.258 | 5.047 | 14.63 | STD. | 40 | 5.4500 | 1.0391 | ||
| 0.281 | 5.001 | 15.87 | 5.8644 | 1.0204 | ||||
| 0.312 | 4.939 | 17.51 | 6.4074 | .99647 | ||||
| 0.344 | 4.875 | 19.19 | 6.9358 | .9696 | ||||
| 0.375 | 4.813 | 20.80 | XHY | 80 | 7.4300 | .9449 | ||
| 0.500 | 4.563 | 27.06 | 120 | 9.2534 | .8495 | |||
| 0.625 | 4.313 | 32.99 | 160 | 10.7976 | .7590 | |||
| 0.750 | 4.063 | 38.59 | XXHY | 12.0954 | .6734 | |||
| 6 | 6.625 | 0.109 | 6.407 | 7.59 | 5 | 3.5769 | 1.6748 | |
| 0.134 | 6.357 | 9.30 | 10 | 4.3475 | 1.6488 | |||
| 0.156 | 6.313 | 10.79 | 5.0107 | 1.6260 | ||||
| 0.188 | 6.249 | 12.94 | 5.9351 | 1.5937 | ||||
| 0.203 | 6.219 | 13.94 | 6.3804 | 1.5780 | ||||
| 0.219 | 6.187 | 15.00 | 6.8261 | 1.5620 | ||||
| 0.250 | 6.125 | 17.04 | 7.6905 | 1.5306 | ||||
| 0.280 | 6.065 | 18.99 | STD. | 40 | 8.4958 | 1.5008 | ||
| 0.312 | 6.001 | 21.06 | 9.3416 | 1.4688 | ||||
| 0.344 | 5.937 | 23.10 | 10.111 | 1.4391 | ||||
| 0.375 | 5.875 | 25.05 | 10.893 | 1.4082 | ||||
| 0.432 | 5.761 | 28.60 | XHY | 80 | 12.224 | 1.3541 | ||
| 0.500 | 5.625 | 32.74 | 13.711 | 1.2909 | ||||
| 0.562 | 5.501 | 36.43 | 120 | 14.9806 | 1.2346 | |||
| 0.625 | 5.375 | 40.09 | 16.1821 | 1.1787 | ||||
| 0.719 | 5.187 | 45.39 | 160 | 17.8243 | 1.0977 | |||
| 0.864 | 4.897 | 53.21 | XXHY | 20.025 | .9784 | |||
| 1.000 | 4.625 | 60.13 | 21.7719 | .8727 | ||||
| 1.125 | 4.375 | 66.14 | 23.1237 | .7809 |
| NB | Size | OD | 40S | 5S | 10S | S10 | S20 | S40 | S60 | XS/80S | S80 | S100 | S120 | S140 | S160 | XXS |
| mm | mm | mm | mm | mm | mm | mm | mm | mm | mm | mm | mm | mm | mm | mm | ||
| 1/8" | 10.29 | 1.2 | 1.73 | 2.41 | ||||||||||||
| 1/4" | 13.72 | 1.7 | 2.24 | 3.02 | ||||||||||||
| 3/8" | 17.15 | 1.7 | 2.31 | 3.2 | ||||||||||||
| 15 | 1/2" | 21.34 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.77 | 3.73 | 3.73 | 4.78 | 7.47 | ||||||
| 20 | 3/4" | 26.67 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.87 | 3.91 | 3.91 | 5.56 | 7.82 | ||||||
| 25 | 1" | 33.4 | 3.4 | 1.7 | 2.8 | 3.38 | 4.55 | 4.55 | 6.35 | 9.09 | ||||||
| 32 | 1 1/4" | 42.16 | 3.6 | 1.7 | 2.8 | 3.56 | 4.85 | 4.85 | 6.35 | 9.7 | ||||||
| 40 | 1 1/2" | 48.26 | 3.7 | 1.7 | 2.8 | 3.68 | 5.08 | 5.08 | 7.14 | 10.2 | ||||||
| 50 | 2" | 60.33 | 3.9 | 1.7 | 2.8 | 3.91 | 5.54 | 5.54 | 9.74 | 11.1 | ||||||
| 65 | 2 1/2" | 73.03 | 5.2 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 5.16 | 7.01 | 7.01 | 9.53 | 14 | ||||||
| 80 | 3" | 88.9 | 5.5 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 5.49 | 7.62 | 7.62 | 11.1 | 15.2 | ||||||
| 90 | 3 1/2" | 101.6 | 5.7 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 5.74 | 8.08 | 8.08 | ||||||||
| 100 | 4" | 114.3 | 6 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 6.02 | 8.56 | 8.56 | 11.1 | 13.5 | 17.1 | |||||
| 125 | 5" | 141.3 | 6.6 | 2.8 | 3.4 | 6.55 | 9.53 | 9.53 | 12.7 | 15.9 | 19.1 | |||||
| 150 | 6" | 168.3 | 7.1 | 2.8 | 3.4 | 7.11 | 10.97 | 11 | 14.3 | 18.3 | 22 | |||||
| 200 | 8" | 219.1 | 8.2 | 2.8 | 3.8 | 6.4 | 8.18 | 10.3 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 15.1 | 19.3 | 20.6 | 23 | 22.2 | |
| 250 | 10" | 273.1 | 9.3 | 3.4 | 4.2 | 6.4 | 9.27 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 15.1 | 19.3 | 21.4 | 25.4 | 28.6 | 25.4 | |
| 300 | 12" | 323.9 | 9.5 | 4 | 4.6 | 6.4 | 10.3 | 14.3 | 12.7 | 17.5 | 21.4 | 25.4 | 28.6 | 33.3 | 25.4 | |
| 350 | 14" | 355.6 | 9.5 | 4 | 4.8 | 6.4 | 7.9 | 11.1 | 15.1 | 12.7 | 19.1 | 23.8 | 27.8 | 31.8 | 35.7 | |
| 400 | 16" | 406.4 | 9.5 | 4.2 | 4.8 | 6.4 | 7.9 | 12.7 | 16.7 | 12.7 | 21.4 | 26.2 | 31 | 36.5 | 40.5 | |
| 450 | 18" | 457.2 | 9.5 | 4.2 | 4.8 | 6.4 | 7.9 | 14.3 | 19.1 | 12.7 | 23.8 | 29.4 | 34.9 | 39.7 | 45.2 | |
| 500 | 20" | 508 | 9.5 | 4.8 | 5.5 | 6.4 | 9.5 | 15.1 | 20.6 | 12.7 | 26.2 | 32.5 | 38.1 | 44.5 | 50 | |
| 550 | 22" | 558.8 | 9.5 | 4.8 | 5.5 | 6.4 | 9.5 | 22.2 | 12.7 | 28.6 | 34.9 | 41.3 | 47.6 | 54 | ||
| 600 | 24" | 609.6 | 9.5 | 5.5 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 9.5 | 17.5 | 24.6 | 12.7 | 31 | 38.9 | 46 | 52.4 | 59.5 | |
| 650 | 26" | 660.4 | 9.5 | 7.9 | 13 | 12.7 | ||||||||||
| 700 | 28" | 711.2 | 9.5 | 7.9 | 13 | 12.7 | ||||||||||
| 750 | 30" | 762 | 9.5 | 6.4 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 13 | 12.7 | ||||||||
| 800 | 32" | 812.8 | 9.5 | 7.9 | 13 | 17.5 | 12.7 | |||||||||
| 850 | 34" | 863.6 | 9.5 | 7.9 | 13 | 17.5 | 12.7 | |||||||||
| 900 | 36" | 914.4 | 9.5 | 7.9 | 13 | 19.1 | 12.7 |
| Mechanical Property Designation | R | S | S | *T | U | V | W | |
| Limited Ruling Section mm | 250 | 250 | 150 | 100 | 63 | 30 | 20 | |
| Tensile Strength Mpa | Min | 700 | 770 | 770 | 850 | 930 | 1000 | 1080 |
| Max | 850 | 930 | 930 | 1000 | 1080 | 1150 | 1230 | |
| 0.2% Proof Stress Mpa | Min | 480 | 540 | 570 | 655 | 740 | 835 | 925 |
| Elongation on 5.65√S0 % |
Min | 15 | 13 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Izod Impact J | Min | 34 | 27 | 54 | 54 | 47 | 47 | 40 |
| Charpy Impact J | Min | 28 | 22 | 50 | 50 | 42 | 42 | 35 |
| Hardness Brinell HB | Min | 201 | 233 | 233 | 248 | 269 | 293 | 311 |
| Max | 255 | 277 | 277 | 302 | 331 | 352 | 375 | |
| *Material stocked generally in condition T Check test certificate if critical for end use. |
||||||||
| Mechanical Property Designation | R | S | T | U | V | |
| Limited Ruling Section | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | |
| Tensile Strength Mpa | Min | 700 | 770 | 850 | 930 | 1000 |
| Max | 850 | 930 | 1000 | 1080 | 1150 | |
| 0.20% Proof Stress Mpa | Min | 525 | 585 | 680 | 755 | 850 |
| Elongation on 5.65√S0 % | Min | 12 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Hardness Brinell HB | Min | 201 | 223 | 248 | 269 | 293 |
| Max | 255 | 277 | 302 | 331 | 352 | |
| *Material stocked generally in condition T Check test certificate if critical for end use. |
||||||
| Section | 25mm | 40mm | 50mm | 75mm | 150mm + |
| oC | 370 | 400 | 425 | 455 | 510 |
4140 alloy tubing has a wide range of applications due to its high strength and toughness properties.
Some of the most common applications of 4140 alloy tubing include:
Mumbai, Lucknow, Coimbatore, Imphal, Mysore, Ratlam, Delhi, Kanpur, Darjeeling, Jalandhar, Nagpur, Solapur, Kolkata, Allahabad, Dehradun, Jammu, Nashik, Srinagar, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Faridabad, Jamshedpur, Bhadravati, Chattisgarh, Durgapur, Asansol, Hospet, Bellary, Visakhapatnam, Nellore, Surat, Bangalore, Chandigarh, Ghaziabad, Jhansi, Patna, Siliguri, Hyderabad, Stainless Steel Pipe dealers in Salem, Amritsar, Noida, Kochi (Cochin), Mangalore, Indore, Vadodra, Bhubaneswar, Bikaner, Bhavnagar, Tirupur, Ankleshwar, Warangal, Agartala, Thoothukudi, Stainless Steel Pipe suppliers in Pune, Thiruvanthapuram, Jaipur, Aizawl, Guwahati, Kozhikode, Raipur, Vishakhapatnam, Jabalpur, Bhopal, Gwalior, Ludhiana, Rajahmundry, Thane, Agra, Bhubaneshwar, Gurgaon, Madurai, Rajkot, Varanasi, Bhilai, Haridwar, Meerut, Ranchi, Ahmednagar, Akola, Amravati, Aurangabad, Baramati, Beed, Bhandara, Bhiwandi, Buldhana, Chandrapur, Chimur, Dahanu, Dhule, Dindori, Erandol, Gadchiroli, Hatkanangle, Hingoli, Ichalkaranji, Jalgaon, Jalna, Karad, Khed, Yavatmal, Kolaba, Kolhapur, Kopargaon, Latur, Malegaon, Mumbai, Nagpur, Nanded, Nandurbar, Nashik, Osmanabad, Pandharpur, Parbhani, Rajapur, Ramtek, Ratnagiri, Raver, Sangli, Satara, Shirdi, Shirur, Solapur, Thane, Wardha, Washim, Andhra Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Nagaland, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Lakshadweep, Arunachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Punjab, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Puducherry, Bihar, Kerala, Rajasthan, Chandigarh, Meghalaya, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Sikkim, Dadar and Nagar Haveli, Mizoram, Goa, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Daman and Diu, Tripura, Gujarat, Manipur, Telangana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh in India.
United States of America, Malaysia, UAE, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Qatar, India, China, United Kingdom, Singapore, Canada, Thailand, South Korea, Turkey, Philippines, Egypt, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, Vietnam, Australia, South Africa, Portugal, Morocco, Costa Rica, Kazakhstan, Netherlands, Mexico, Brazil, France, Spain, Taiwan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Kuwait, Iraq, Ukraine, Poland, Jordan, Romania, Oman, Hong Kong, Venezuela, Colombia, Norway, Chile, Trinidad & Tobago, Greece, Czechia, Belgium, Sri Lanka, Cyprus, Angola, Myanmar (Burma), United Kingdom, Canada, South Korea, Thailand, Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, Australia, Mexico, Pakistan, Vietnam, Brazil, Philippines, France, Taiwan, Poland, South Africa, Russia, Nigeria, Kuwait, Czechia, Norway, Romania, Egypt, Oman, Sweden, Belgium, Hong Kong, Israel, Colombia, Switzerland, Denmark, Finland, Argentina, Venezuela, Peru, Ukraine, Chile, Bangladesh, Portugal, Ireland, Austria, Algeria, Greece, Iraq, New Zealand, Slovakia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Slovenia, Lithuania, Serbia, Sri Lanka, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Morocco, Tunisia, Croatia, Jordan, Ecuador, Trinidad & Tobago, Estonia, Azerbaijan, Ghana, Lebanon, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Latvia, Libya, Costa Rica, Cambodia, Macedonia (FYROM), Belarus, Jamaica, Palestine, Turkmenistan
